Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Prophecy of the Ukrainian Bard
Oil on canvasHeight: 292 cm, Width: 206 cm
National Museum in Krakow
National Museum in Krakow
Wernyhora is a legendary 18th century Cossack bard who prophetized the fall of Poland and its subsequent rebirth and flourishing, "from Black to White sea".
He has been a subject of several folklore tales and poems, particularly in the 19th century romanticism in Poland. More on Wernyhora
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
The Shuyski Tsars before Zygmunt III, c. 1853
Oil on canvas
Height: 75.5 cm (29.7 in); Width: 108 cm (42.5 in)
National Museum in Wrocław
Shuysky tribute was the act of homage of the deposed Mickail Shuysky of Russia and his retinue to the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa and teenage prince Władysław on October 29, 1611, in the Senate Hall of the Royal Castle in Warsaw.
Hetman of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski, who had captured Moscow the previous year, held a victory procession to the Royal Palace through the city of Warsaw, leading with him the prisoners: the Russian tsar Vasily IV Shuysky, his two brothers Ivan and Dmitry, the wife of the latter, Grand Duchess Ekaterina Grigoryevna, military commander Mikhail Shein, and Patriarch Filaret who would ascend to power in Russia later on as the father and de facto ruler behind the back of his son Michael I of Russia, the founder of the Romanov Dynasty. More on the Shuysky tribute
Czars Shuysky introduced by Hetman Stanislaw Zolkiewski of parliament in Warsaw before King Sigismund III, Jan Matejko, 1853
Matejko showed an early artistic talent, but had great difficulty with other academic subjects. Despite that, and because of his exceptional skill, at the age of fourteen he entered the School of Fine Arts in Kraków. He opted for historical painting as his specialism, and finished his first major work, The Shuyski Tsars before Zygmunt III, in 1853 (See above). During this time, he began exhibiting historical paintings at the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts from 1855.
His graduation project in 1858 was Sigismund I the Old ennobles professors of the Jagiellonian University (See below) and proved to be seminal.
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Sigismund I the Old ennobles professors of the Jagiellonian University, c. 1858
Oil on canvas
Height: 82 cm (32.2 in); Width: 101 cm (39.7 in)
Jagiellonian University Museum
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Stańczyk, c. 1862
Oil on canvas
Height: 88 cm (34.6 in); Width: 120 cm (47.2 in)
National Museum in Warsaw
Stańczyk during a ball at the court of Queen Bona in the face of the loss of the City of Smolensk. This painting was acquired by the Warsaw National Museum in 1924. During World War II it was looted by the Nazis and subsequently by the Soviet Union, but was returned to Poland around 1956.
The painting's primary component is the contrast between the solemn jester and the lively ball going on in the background. The painting has created an image of Stańczyk that has become iconic and widely recognized in Poland.
Stańczyk, the male figure depicted in the painting, was the court jester when Poland was at the height of its political, economic and cultural power during the era of the Renaissance in Poland, during the reign of King Sigismund I the Old. Besides his fame as a jester he has been described as an eloquent, witty, and intelligent man, using satire to comment on the nation's past, present, and future. Stańczyk's fame and legend were strong in his own time and enjoyed a resurgence in the 19th century, and he remains well known to this day. More on Stańczyk
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Killing of Wapowski during the coronation of Henry of Valois, c. 1861
Oil on canvas
Height: 132 cm (51.9 in); Width: 101 cm (39.7 in)
Silesian Museum
The Murder of Wapowski during the Coronation of Henri Valois is an early work, and it depicts an incident that occurred at Wawel Castle in 1574.
Wapowski, a dignitary of the crown, was mortally injured when he attempted to intervene in a fight between two noblemen on the coronation day of Henri Valois, Poland's first elected monarch.
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Jan Kochanowski over the dead body of his daughter, Urszulka
Sketch for an oil painting painted in 1892, now lost
Watercolor
I have no further description, at this time
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Skarga's Sermon, c. 1864
Oil on canvas
Height: 224 cm (88.1 in); Width: 397 cm (13 ft)
Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland
Depicted people: Piotr Skarga, Germanico Malaspina, Janusz Radziwiłł, Stanisław Stadnicki, Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, Jerzy Mniszech, Jan Piotr Sapieha, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV Vasa, Jan Zamoyski, Mikołaj Wolski, Stanisław Karnkowski, Ipatii Potii, Anna Jagiellon, Elizaveta Ostrogska.
The painting depicts a sermon on political matters by the Jesuit priest Piotr Skarga, a chief figure of the Counter Reformation in Poland, where he rebukes the Polish elite for neglecting the national interest.
Like other historical paintings by Matejko includes several portraits of identifiable historical figures of the period depicted, as well as in this case a self-portrait of the artist in the figure of Skarga. More on this painting
During the January Uprising of 1863, in which he did not directly take part on account of his poor health. Subsequently, his Skarga's Sermon, May 1864 (See above), was exhibited in the gallery of the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts, which gained him much publicity. On 5 November that same year, he was elected member of the Kraków Scientific Society in recognition for his contributions to depicting great national historical themes. On 21 November he married Teodora Giebułtowska, with whom he went on to have five children. His daughter, Helena, also an artist, later helped World War I victims and was awarded the Cross of Independence.
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Rejtan - The Fall of Poland, c. 1866
Oil on canvas
Height: 282 cm (111 in); Width: 487 cm (15.9 ft)
Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland
Rejtan, or the Fall of Poland is an oil painting by Jan Matejko, finished in 1866, depicting the protest of Tadeusz Rejtan (lower right) against the First Partition of Poland during the Partition Sejm of 1773. Both a depiction of a historical moment, and an allegory for the surrounding period of Polish history, the painting is one of Matejko's most famous works, and an iconic picture of an emotional protest. More on this painting
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
The Union of Lublin, c. 1869
Oil on canvas
Height: 298 cm (117.3 in); Width: 512 cm (16.7 ft)
National Museum in Warsaw/ National Museum in Lublin
The Union of Lublin was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages. The Duchy of Livonia, tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno (1566), became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium.
King Sigismund II Augustus holds the cross at the centre while surrounded by statesmen, diplomats, the clergy and nobles. More on The Union of Lublin
Depicted people, Sigismund II Augustus, Jakub Uchański, Marcin Zborowski, Filip Padniewski, Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Mielecki, Walerian Protasewicz, Stanislaus Hosius, Łukasz III, Górka, Jan Firlej, Albert Frederick, Anna Jagiellon, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Michał M. Wiśniowiecki, Roman Sanguszko.
After 1865 Matejko's international recognition grew. His Skarga's Sermon was awarded a gold medal at the 1865 Paris Salon. In 1867, his painting Rejtan was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris. His next major painting was the Union of Lublin (See above), created during 1867-1869. Acclaimed in Paris, it won Matejko the Cross of the Légion d'honneur. It was followed by Stefan Batory at Pskov, finished in 1871 (See below). In 1872, he visited Istanbul and upon his return to Kraków finished The Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God (See below).
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God, c. 1872
Oil on canvas
Height: 226 cm (88.9 in); Width: 315 cm (10.3 ft)
Jagiellonian University Museum
The painting depicts the exalted cleric and scientist Nicolaus Copernicus - he was a canon of Frombork Cathedral - kneeling as he observes the heavens during the transition from night to dawn. He is high up on a balcony, supposedly in his observatory, near to cathedral in Frombork, surrounded by various astronomical instruments. By his side is his own heliocentric model drawn on a large flat board, based on an actual illustration from his De revolutionibus. The scene likely portrays the moment of revelation when Copernicus becomes convinced of his discovery.
Most of Matejko's notable paintings consist of large group scenes. A scene with a single individual such as this, another being Stańczyk (See above), tends to be exceptional in his oeuvre. More on Copernicus
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Battle of Grunwald, c. 1878
Medium oil on canvas
Height: 426 cm (13.9 ft); Width: 987 cm (10.7 yd)
National Museum in Warsaw
Depicted people:
- was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which chiefly encompassed the Lithuanians and Ruthenians. He was also the Prince of Grodno, Prince of Lutsk, and the postulated king of the Hussites.
- Ulrich von Jungingen was the 26th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. His policy of confrontation with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland would spark the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War and lead to disaster for his Order, and his own death, at the Battle of Grunwald.
- Zyndram z Maszkowic was a Polish 14th and 15th century knight.
- Kuno von Lichtenstein
- Konrad VII the White was a Duke of Oels / Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa, sole Duke of Koźle and half of Bytom, Duke of Oleśnica and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa
- Duke Casimir V of Pomerania was a member of the House of Griffins and a Duke of Pomerania.
- Jakub Skarbek from Góra was a knight, diplomat and participant in the Battle of Grunwald
- Marcin of Wrocimowice was a Polish knight and diplomat from the Półkozic clan.
- Marquard (or Markward) von Salzbach was a Teutonic Knight, who played a prominent role in shaping the relationship between the Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1389 and 1410.
- Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha was a Czech general – a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus and a Radical Hussite who led the Taborites. Žižka was a successful military leader.
- Heinrich von Schwelborn, Frank by origin , was a member of the Teutonic Order and the Commander of Tuchola . He participated in the Battle of Grunwald on the side of the Teutonic Order, where he commanded the nineteenth banner.
- Zawisza Czarny of Garbow, also known as Zawisza the Black, of Sulima coat of arms, was a Polish knight and nobleman who served as a commander and diplomat under Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło and Hungarian-Bohemian king Sigismund of Luxembourg
- Jogaila (About this soundJogaila), later Władysław II Jagiełło was Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then King of Poland
- Zbigniew Oleśnicki, was a high-ranking Roman Catholic clergyman and an influential Polish statesman and diplomat.
- Stanislaus of Szczepanów, was a Bishop of Kraków known chiefly for having been martyred by the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous.
- Werner von Tettingen was a knight and major of the Teutonic Order .
- Heinrich von Plauen (the Elder) was the 27th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. He was a stern proponent of prolonging the war with Poland.
- Jan Długosz from Niedzielsk was a a knight, starosta of Nowokorczyński and Brzeźnica .
- Sigismund Korybut was a duke from the Gediminid dynasty, best known as a military commander of the Hussite army and a governor of Bohemia and Prague during the Hussite Wars.
- Mikołaj Trąba, of Trąby coat of arms, was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, Royal Notary from 1390, Deputy Chancellor of the Crown, bishop of Halicz , archbishop of Gniezno, and first primate of Poland.
- Siemowit IV (Ziemowit IV), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch, Duke of Rawa, and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna,
The Battle of Grunwald is a huge canvas with a painting depiction of the last phase of the battle fought in the fields of Grunwald on July 15, 1410 between the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian army and the Teutonic Order, supported by Western European knights. More on this painting
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Stephen Báthory at Pskov, c. 1872
Oil on canvas
Height: 322 cm (10.5 ft); Width: 512 cm (16.7 ft)
Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland
Depicted people: Stephen Báthory, Antonio Possevino
People of the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible kneeling before the Polish king Stephen Báthory at Pskov during the final period of peace negotiations at the end of the 1578-1582 Livonian campaign. It also shows the papal legate, the black-robed Jesuit Antonio Possevino.
The painting depicts the events only metaphorically, as part of a broader narrative depicting the significance of the event outside of its immediate context – Ivan the Terrible himself never physically took part in the negotiations, let alone kneeling during them. More on this painting
In 1872, during an exhibition in Prague he was offered the directorship of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts, quickly followed by a similar offer from the Kraków School of Fine Arts. He accepted the Kraków position, and was for many years its principal. In 1874, he finished Hanging of the Sigismund bell at the Cathedral Tower (See below).
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Hanging of the Sigismund bell at the Cathedral Tower in 1521, c. 1874
Oil on canvas
Height: 94 cm (37 in); Width: 189 cm (74.4 in)
National Museum in Warsaw
Depicted people:
- Sigismund I the Old was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548.
- Stańczyk was the court jester when Poland was at the height of its political, economic and cultural power
- Bona Sforza was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the second wife of Sigismund I the Old, and Duchess of Bari and Rossano by her own right. She was a surviving member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447.
- Sigismund II Augustus was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the last male monarch from the Jagiellonian dynasty.
- Jan Chojeński was a sixteenth-century Polish bureaucrat and church leader.[1] and beatified person.
- Hans Beham, was a German painter and printmaker, mainly known for his very small engravings.
- Bartolommeo Berrecci was an Italian Renaissance architect who spent most of his career in Poland.
- Bálint Bakfark was a Hungarian composer of Transylvanian Saxon origin, and lutenist of the Renaissance.
The Hanging of the Sigismund bell at the Cathedral Tower in 1521 in Kraków is a painting finished in 1874. It depicts the installation of the Sigismund Bell in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków in 1521. The bell was installed in the Sigismund Tower and rung for the first time on 13 July 1521. The bell is considered to be one of the national symbols of Poland. The painting shows a crowd of people, with a number of identifiable figures of historical importance. It conveys the Golden Era of the Polish Renaissance, and the power of the Kingdom of Poland. More on this painting
In 1878, he produced another masterpiece, The Battle of Grunwald (See above). That year he received an "honorary grand gold" medal in Paris, while Kraków city council presented him with a ceremonial scepter, as a symbol of his "royal status in fine art".
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Zakuwana Polska/ Polonia, Rok 1863, c. 1864
Oil on canvas
Height: 158 cm (62.2 in); Width: 232 cm (91.3 in)
Czartoryski Museum
The aftermath of the failure of the January Uprising. The crowd of captives awaits transport to Siberia. Russian officers and soldiers supervise a blacksmith installing fetters on the wrists of a woman representing Poland. The blonde woman behind her, next in line, may represent Lithuania.
Matejko did not find any opportunity to display the work in public and – afraid of repression and fearing for his and his family's safety – he hid it behind the stove in his house. It remained hidden there for several years. More on this painting
In 1879 came his Rok, 1863 - Polonia, 1863, his depiction of the January Uprising (See above). Begun in 1864 as the Uprising was waning, he abandoned the canvas for a number of years, perhaps due to the loss of several close friends and family members in the conflict. It languished unfinished until prince Władysław Czartoryski became interested in acquiring it. To this day it is considered unfinished.
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Prussian Homage, c. 1182
Oil on canvas
388 cm × 785 cm (152.75 in × 309.05 in)
National Museum in Kraków
Depicted people:
- Albert, Duke in Prussia
- Sigismund I the Old, Sigismund I the Old was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548.
- Sigismund II Augustus was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the last male monarch from the Jagiellonian dynasty.
- Piotr Opaliński (1586–1624), of Łodzia coat of arms, was a Polish–Lithuanian noble
- Józef Szujski, professor of the Jagiellonian University
- George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, known as George the Pious, was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern.
- Frederick II, Duke of Legnica, also known as the Great of Legnica, was a Duke of Legnica.
- Luke Hill II arms Łodzia was Bishop Kuyavian-Pomeranian from 1538 .
- was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Przemyśl and Poznań, Archbishop of Kraków, Vice-Chancellor of the Crown, and Royal Secretary.
- Friedrich von Heydeck was commander, advisor to Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, High Master of the Teutonic Order, then Duke of Prussia
- Hieronymus Jarosław Laski, was a Polish diplomat born of an illustrious Polish family. Laski was the nephew of Archbishop John Laski
- Jan Łaski was a Polish Reformed reformer. Owing to his influential work in England during the English Reformation
- Anna Radziwiłłówna was a Lithuanian noble woman and Duchess of Masovia.
- Janusz III of Masovia, was a Polish prince, member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.
- Hedwig Jagiellon was a granddaughter of Emperor Sigismund and of the Jagiellonian dynasty as daughter of Sigismund I the Old of Poland. She was Electress of Brandenburg.
- Mauritius Ferber was a member of the patrician Ferber family. A Roman Catholic Prince-Bishop of Warmia
- Krzysztof Kreutzer, Prussian diplomat
- Bona Sforza d’Aragona was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the second wife of Sigismund I the Old, and Duchess of Bari and Rossano by her own right.
- Teodora Matejko was the wife of the artist
- Piotr Kmita Sobieński of the Kmita noble family, Count of Wiśnicz, Szreniawa, he was Grand Marshal of the Crown from 1529 onwards, voivode and starosta of Kraków...
- Przecław Lanckoroński was a notable member of the Polish szlachta, a knight often identified as the first hetman of the Cossacks in service of Poland, as well as a landowner and starost of Chmielnik.
- Konstanty Iwanowicz Ostrogski was a prince and magnate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later a Grand Hetman of Lithuania
- Jan Tarnowski was Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland.
- Andrzej Jędrzej Kościelecki was a Marshal of the household of Cardinal Fryderyk
- Krzysztof Szydłowiecki was a Polish noble, magnate, Count of Szydłowiec.
- Mikołaj Firlej was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), hetman, diplomat, and expert of southeast Europe.
- Andrzej Tęczyński, was Count. He came from one of the most powerful clans in Lesser Poland, the Tęczyński family.
- Albertas Goštautas was a Lithuanian noble of the Goštautai family from ethnic Lithuanian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
- Stańczyk was the court jester when Poland was at the height of its political, economic and cultural power
- Bartolommeo Berrecci was an Italian Renaissance architect who spent most of his career in Poland.
- Seweryn Boner, Polish banker and burger
The painting depicts the "Prussian Homage," a significant political event from the time of the Renaissance in Poland in which Albrecht of Hohenzollern, the Duke of Prussia paid tribute and swore allegiance to King Sigismund I the Old in Kraków's market square on 10 April 1525. Matejko depicted over thirty important figures of the Polish Renaissance period, taking the liberty of including several who were not actually present at the event. More on this painting
1880-1882 were taken up with another large work, The Prussian Tribute (Hołd Pruski) which Matejko gifted to "the Polish nation". It earned him the honorary citizenship of Kraków (See above). One of the city's squares was renamed Matejko Square. In 1883 he finished Jan Sobieski at Vienna which came to be presented to Pope Leo XIII as a "gift of the Polish nation" (See below). Being a member of the delegation delivering the canvas to Rome, Matejko was awarded the Knight Commander with Star of the Order of Pius IX. The painting is on permanent exhibition in the Sobieski Room at the Vatican Museums.
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Jan Sobieski at Vienna, c. between 1882 and 1883
Oil on canvas
Height: 458 cm (15 ft); Width: 894 cm (29.3 ft)
Vatican Museums
Depicted people:
- John III Sobieski was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death.
- Jan Kazimierz Denhoff was a Polish cardinal from 1686, Abbot of the Mogiła Abbey, Dean of Płock, a canon of Kraków in 1681 and Bishop of Cesena in 1688.
Siege of Vienna, (July 17–September 12, 1683), expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland. The lifting of the siege marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in eastern Europe. More on Jan Sobieski at Vienna
Around that time he also became vocal on a number of political issues, publishing letters on topics such as Polish-Russian relations. He was also very engaged in efforts to protect and reconstruct historical monuments in Kraków. In 1886, he finished a painting relating to French rather than Polish history, The Virgin of Orléans, a portrayal of Joan of Arc (See below).
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
The Virgin of Orleans, c. 1886
Oil on canvas
Size Height: 484.0 cm; Width: 973.0 cm
National Museum in Poznań
Joan of Arc, The Virgin of Orleans, a peasant girl living in medieval France. At the age of 13, Joan began to hear voices, which she determined had been sent by God to give her a mission of overwhelming importance: to save France by expelling its enemies, and to install Charles as its rightful king.
With no military training, Joan convinced the embattled crown prince Charles of Valois to allow her to lead a French army to the besieged city of Orléans, where it achieved a momentous victory over the English and their French allies, the Burgundians. After seeing the prince crowned King Charles VII, Joan was captured by Anglo-Burgundian forces, tried for witchcraft and heresy and burned at the stake in 1431, at the age of 19. By the time she was officially canonized in 1920, the Maid of Orléans (as she was known) had long been considered one of history’s greatest saints, and an enduring symbol of French unity and nationalism. More on Joan of Arc
Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
Battle of Raclawice, c. 1888
Oil on canvas
Height: 465 cm (15.2 ft); Width: 879 cm (28.8 ft)
National Museum in Kraków
Depicted people:
- Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States.
- Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj, was a prominent Polish constitutional reformer and educationalist, and one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment. He served as Deputy Chancellor of the Crown, 1791–92. He was a Roman Catholic priest, social and political activist, political thinker, historian, philosopher, and polymath.
- Antoni Madaliński was a Polish Lieutenant General, commander of 1st Greater Polish National Cavalry Brigade during Kościuszko Uprising.
- Prince Józef Zajączek was a Polish general and politician.
The Battle of Racławice was one of the first battles of the Polish-Lithuanian Kościuszko Uprising against Russia. It was fought on 4 April 1794 near the village of Racławice in Lesser Poland. More on Battle of Racławice
The outcome of the battle was a tactical Polish victory, with Kościuszko defeating the numerically inferior enemy. However, his forces were too small to undertake a successful pursuit, and the Corps of General Denisov evaded destruction and continued to operate in Lesser Poland. More on Battle of Racławice
In 1887 Matejko received an Honorary Doctorate from the Jagiellonian University, and recognition from the Austrian Society, Litteris et Artibus. In 1888 he completed The Battle of Racławice (See above). In 1888-1899, to justify his new academic title, he published a group of twelve drawings with accompanying commentary, The History of civilization in Poland. Between 1890 and 1892, he published a series of works on paper, portraying all the monarchs of Poland. The kings and princes of Poland, including queens), whose popularity turned them into the canon portrayals of their subjects. 1891 marked his Constitution of the 3 May. He went on to compose another large scale work, The Oaths of Jan Kazimierz (Śluby Jana Kazimierza), but death intervened. In 1892, a year before his death, he completed his Self-portrait. More on Jan Matejko
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